Here is a list of landmark cases in Indian Muslim Law:

1. The Shah Bano Case (1985):

This prominent case focused on providing economic assistance to divorced Muslim women, as permitted under Indian law. Shah Bano, a Muslim woman from Indore, filed a claim against her former husband for maintenance as allowed under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. This section allows for financial support to be provided to any woman who has become separated or divorced from her partner. The case involved Shah Bano, a Muslim woman from Indore, who sought financial support from her ex-husband in accordance with Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which permits alimony to be given to any woman who has become divorced or separated. This important ruling addressed whether Muslim women were entitled to seek temporary support from their former husbands under this law of secular India. While the original law was meant to protect all women equally regardless of religion, there was debate around imposing uniform civil laws for all citizens of the country. The court decided that it is indeed important to allow for maintenance to be provided for any woman who has been separated from her husband. The Supreme Court ruled in Shah Bano's favor, stating that she was entitled to lifelong maintenance from her former husband according to Section 125.

This decision sparked significant debates across India as it was seen by some as interfering with Muslim personal law around maintenance provisions. It raised discussions around the rights of Muslim women versus recognition of Muslim personal laws. Eventually, the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act was passed in 1986 which specified that Muslim husbands only need to financially support their former wives for the period of ‘Iddat’, or three months after the divorce.

2. Mohammed Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum (1985):

This legal case dealt with issues like those raised in the Shah Bano case and helped bring attention to the potential disagreement between personal religious laws and basic rights ensured for all citizens as outlined in India's founding documents. The matter highlighted the tension between customs and practices that can vary between communities and the universal human rights promised to all under the nation's highest laws.

3. The Triple ­ Talaq Case of 2017 (Shayara Bano v. Union of India)

The case of Triple Talaq from 2017 (Shayara Bano v. Union of India) questioned the legality of instantly divorcing through "triple talaq", which allowed Muslim husbands to divorce by uttering "talaq" three times.

The petitioner, Shayara Bano, claimed this unilateral extra-judicial form of talaq violated Muslim women's fundamental rights by not providing basic due process or financial security.

After reviewing arguments from various perspectives, the Supreme Court ultimately ruled the practice of triple talaq unconstitutional as it contradicted tenants of Sharia law and denied Muslim women the equality, dignity and non-discrimination grante­d in the Indian Constitution.

4. Danial Latifi v. Union of India (2001):

This case addressed an important issue regarding financial support for Muslim women under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Specifically, it focused on properly defining the term "wife" as well as discussing the duration for which maintenance is obligated. Danial Latifi brought the case before the courts questioning the interpretation of "wife" under this section, as well as challenging the common practice of only providing maintenance to Muslim women until the end of their 'iddat' period of separation from their husbands. The Supreme Court recognized that the obligation to provide maintenance for Muslim women should not strictly end after 'iddat' and instead relied on Section 125 to rule that such financial support is due to them from their former husbands beyond this time period as well, as long as the marriage existed at some point.

5. Shamim Ara v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2002)

This case addressed the important issues related to Muslim personal law and the process of talaq, or divorce. In this ruling, the Supreme Court developed standards for evaluating whether a pronouncement of talaq was valid in ending a marriage as per religious guidelines. The judges determined that simply stating the word talaq would not automatically dissolve a wedding between a husband and wife. For the separation to be legitimate and final, the husband needs to demonstrate that he followed the appropriate steps as outlined by Islamic jurisprudence when divorcing his spouse. Merely uttering talaq alone is not sufficient as there are procedures that must be fulfilled according to Muslim tradition. This case helped bring much needed clarity around the talaq practice and ensured the rights of women are protected by requiring husbands to adhere to religious procedures rather than recklessly ending their marriages through a casual utterance.

6. Goolbai v. Nawrosjee (1963)

This ruling set important guidelines regarding the legitimacy of marriages under Muslim law. The justices stressed the fundamental components essential for a marriage agreement, known as Nikah, to be considered valid. Specifically, they described the key factors that must be within the understanding between the bride and groom for the union to be lawfully acknowledged. While certain formal procedures are necessary, the court centered on substance over form to decide whether a real dedication had been made between the couple.

7. Noor Saba Khatoon v. Mohd. Quasim (1997)

This case focused on an important issue related to marriage under Islamic law. Noor Saba Khatoon had filed a case against her husband Mohd. Quasim, questioning his decision to take a second wife without fulfilling certain obligations. The court highlighted the necessary conditions that a Muslim man must satisfy if he wishes to enter polygamy. Specifically, the judgment drew attention to prerequisites such as obtaining permission from the first wife, ensuring fair and equal treatment between wives, and providing adequate maintenance.

These cases have played significant roles in shaping and interpreting various aspects of Muslim personal law in India. They have addressed issues related to marriage, divorce, maintenance, and the rights of Muslim women within the framework of Indian legal system and constitutional principles.